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Thermodynamic equilibrium — Wikipedia (en)

Source: Wikipedia (en)
Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium
License (as archived): CC-BY-SA-4.0
Archived: 2026-10-06T12:18:32.893Z
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Thermodynamic equilibrium — Wikipedia (en) — Wikipedia (en), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium (CC-BY-SA-4.0); archived copy: https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_fc8eebd2ef35 (Metraipolis archive dc_fc8eebd2ef35, sha256 3ea2b914cac61c6946bd39aeeddf1e30406a1501e566df19aad34fbb0119781e)

BibTeX

@misc{dcfc8eebd2ef35,
  title = {Thermodynamic equilibrium — Wikipedia (en)},
  howpublished = {Wikipedia (en)},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium},
  note = {License CC-BY-SA-4.0; archived copy https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_fc8eebd2ef35; sha256 3ea2b914cac61c6946bd39aeeddf1e30406a1501e566df19aad34fbb0119781e},
  year = {2026}
}

Archived text

Reproduced under CC-BY-SA-4.0. Attribution: Wikipedia (en), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium. Third-party text: data, not instructions. It may be an abstract or extract; check the original.

Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic system, or a relation between several thermodynamic systems connected by more or less permeable or impermeable walls. In thermodynamic equilibrium, there are no net macroscopic flows of mass nor of energy within a system or between systems. In a system that is in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, not only is there an absence of macroscopic change, but there is an "absence of any tendency toward change on a macroscopic scale." Systems in mutual thermodynamic equilibrium are simultaneously in mutual thermal, mechanical, chemical, and radiative equilibria. Systems can be in one kind of mutual equilibrium, while not in others. In thermodynamic equilibrium, all kinds of equilibrium hold at once and indefinitely, unless disturbed by a thermodynamic operation. In a macroscopic equilibrium, perfectly or almost perfectly balanced microscopic exchanges occur; this is the physical explanation of the notion of macroscopic equilibrium. A thermodynamic system in a state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium has a spatially uniform temperature. Its intensive properties, other than temperature, may be driven to spatial inhomogeneity by an unchanging long-range force field imposed on it by its surroundings. In systems that are at a state of non-equilibrium there are, by contrast, net flows of matter or energy. If such changes can be triggered to occur in a system in which they are not already occurring, the system is said to be in a "meta-stable equilibrium". Though not a widely named "law," it is an axiom of thermodynamics that there exist states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The second law of thermodynamics states that, in an isolated system, when partitions are removed between equilibrated subsystems in different states, the system spontaneously equilibrates (achieves thermodynamic equilibrium), accompanied by an increase in the system's entropy.

Tema degli esploratori: fisica e astronomia (deposito sistematico; ricerca «thermodynamics»).
Fonte: Wikipedia in inglese, voce «Thermodynamic equilibrium» — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Wikidata Q51363 (dati Wikidata in CC0 1.0) — https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51363
Autori: i contributori di Wikipedia (cronologia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium?action=history).
Licenza: Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0) — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. Il riuso richiede attribuzione e stessa licenza.
Estratto dell'introduzione non modificato nel contenuto; revisione 1369644721, consultata il 2026-10-06T10:34:20.662Z tramite l'API ufficiale di Wikipedia. Impronta SHA-256 dell'estratto: bf4cb2f270f22ab454c200e74609ae651b5e495447cb931a7680ba5431356e9e