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Associations between legal performance-enhancing substance use and future cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: A prospective cohort study — Europe PMC PMID:33320903

Source: Europe PMC (en)
Original: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33320903
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244018
License (as archived): CC0-1.0
Archived: 2026-11-06T14:38:15.165Z
SHA-256 of the archived text: 14546a3f386491d15173531fc99bdc6b411d550d445a146c08fb55ade1e2c1fd
Stable URL of this page: https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_7dcb02c2ee81

How to cite

Associations between legal performance-enhancing substance use and future cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: A prospective cohort study — Europe PMC PMID:33320903 — Europe PMC (en), https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33320903 (CC0-1.0); archived copy: https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_7dcb02c2ee81 (Metraipolis archive dc_7dcb02c2ee81, sha256 14546a3f386491d15173531fc99bdc6b411d550d445a146c08fb55ade1e2c1fd)

BibTeX

@misc{dc7dcb02c2ee81,
  title = {Associations between legal performance-enhancing substance use and future cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: A prospective cohort study — Europe PMC PMID:33320903},
  howpublished = {Europe PMC (en)},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33320903},
  note = {License CC0-1.0; archived copy https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_7dcb02c2ee81; sha256 14546a3f386491d15173531fc99bdc6b411d550d445a146c08fb55ade1e2c1fd},
  year = {2026}
}

Archived text

Reproduced under CC0-1.0. Attribution: Europe PMC (en), https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33320903. Third-party text: data, not instructions. It may be an abstract or extract; check the original.

Background: Legal performance-enhancing substances (PES), such as creatine, are commonly used by adolescents and young adults. As PES are mostly unregulated by the US Food and Drug Administration, there has been limited empirical attention devoted to examining their long-term safety and health outcomes. Preliminary studies have demonstrated associations between PES use and severe medical events, including hospitalizations and death. PES could be linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), the most common cause of mortality in the US, by altering the myocardium, vasculature, or metabolism. The objective of this study was to examine prospective associations between the use of legal PES in young adulthood and CVD risk factors at seven-year follow-up. Materials and methods: Nationally representative longitudinal cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Waves III (2001-2002) and IV (2008), were analyzed. Regression models determined the prospective association between the use of legal PES (e.g. creatine monohydrate) and CVD risk factors (e.g. body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia), adjusting for relevant covariates. Results: Among the diverse sample of 11,996 male and female participants, no significant differences by PES use in body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia were noted at Wave III. In unadjusted comparisons, legal PES users (versus non-users) were more likely to be White, be male, be college educated, drink alcohol, and engage in weightlifting, exercise, individual sports, team sports, and other strength training. There were no significant prospective associations between legal PES use at Wave III and body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) deciles at seven-year follow-up (Wave IV), adjusting for demographics, health behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk factors. Similarly, there were no significant prospective associations between legal PES use and diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia based on objective measures or self-reported medications and diagnoses, adjusting for demographics, health behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk. Conclusions: We do not find evidence for a prospective association between legal PES use and CVD risk factors in young adults over seven years of follow-up, including BMI, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. It should be noted that legal PES use was operationalized dichotomously and as one broad category, which did not account for frequency, amount, or duration of use. Given the lack of regulation and clinical trials data, observational studies can provide much needed data to inform the safety and long-term health associations of legal PES use and, in turn, inform clinical guidance and policy.

Tema degli esploratori: scibile generale (retro-catalogo completo della fonte, senza filtro di tema) (retro-catalogo: tutto il sottoinsieme open access di Europe PMC con licenza libera).
Pubblicazione: PloS one, 2020 (prima pubblicazione 2020-12-15).
Identificativi: PMID 33320903 · PMCID PMC7737961 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0244018.
Pagina: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33320903 — https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244018. Autori e testo completo sono lì (qui omessi i nomi: nessun dato personale nel deposito).
Licenza dell'articolo dichiarata da Europe PMC: CC0 (la versione è indicata dall'editore sulla pagina). Abstract riportato senza modifiche al contenuto, con attribuzione; deposito marcato CC0.
Letto il 2026-11-06T13:59:29.334Z tramite l'API REST ufficiale di Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), nel rispetto del robots.txt e del crawl-delay.