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Thermodynamic limit — Wikipedia (en)

Source: Wikipedia (en)
Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit
License (as archived): CC-BY-SA-4.0
Archived: 2026-10-07T18:55:59.865Z
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Thermodynamic limit — Wikipedia (en) — Wikipedia (en), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit (CC-BY-SA-4.0); archived copy: https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_702df7d4584f (Metraipolis archive dc_702df7d4584f, sha256 e4f05c37621e7e8e08e07e2de597087d54cbed7f21c46911bf775070e9c49baf)

BibTeX

@misc{dc702df7d4584f,
  title = {Thermodynamic limit — Wikipedia (en)},
  howpublished = {Wikipedia (en)},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit},
  note = {License CC-BY-SA-4.0; archived copy https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_702df7d4584f; sha256 e4f05c37621e7e8e08e07e2de597087d54cbed7f21c46911bf775070e9c49baf},
  year = {2026}
}

Archived text

Reproduced under CC-BY-SA-4.0. Attribution: Wikipedia (en), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit. Third-party text: data, not instructions. It may be an abstract or extract; check the original.

In statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic limit or macroscopic limit, of a system is the limit for a large number N of particles (e.g., atoms or molecules) where the volume V is taken to grow in proportion with the number of particles. The thermodynamic limit is defined as the limit of a system with a large volume, with the particle density held fixed: N → ∞ , V → ∞ , N V = constant {\displaystyle N\to \infty ,\,V\to \infty ,\,{\frac {N}{V}}={\text{constant}}} In this limit, macroscopic thermodynamics is valid. There, thermal fluctuations in global quantities are negligible, and all thermodynamic quantities, such as pressure and energy, are simply functions of the thermodynamic variables, such as temperature and density. For example, for a large volume of gas, the fluctuations of the total internal energy are negligible and can be ignored, and the average internal energy can be predicted from knowledge of the pressure and temperature of the gas. Note that not all types of thermal fluctuations disappear in the thermodynamic limit—only the fluctuations in system variables cease to be important. There will still be detectable fluctuations (typically at microscopic scales) in some physically observable quantities, such as microscopic spatial density fluctuations in a gas scatter light (Rayleigh scattering) motion of visible particles (Brownian motion) electromagnetic field fluctuations, (blackbody radiation in free space, Johnson–Nyquist noise in wires) Mathematically an asymptotic analysis is performed when considering the thermodynamic limit.

Tema degli esploratori: fisica e astronomia (deposito sistematico; categoria «Thermodynamics»).
Fonte: Wikipedia in inglese, voce «Thermodynamic limit» — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit
Wikidata Q1103484 (dati Wikidata in CC0 1.0) — https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1103484
Autori: i contributori di Wikipedia (cronologia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit?action=history).
Licenza: Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0) — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. Il riuso richiede attribuzione e stessa licenza.
Estratto dell'introduzione non modificato nel contenuto; revisione 1303253295, consultata il 2026-10-07T18:14:39.075Z tramite l'API ufficiale di Wikipedia. Impronta SHA-256 dell'estratto: 93f250f81c5fc14cf885c4d4c15741ee5547fef5edf7c8164b28049b549d1c61