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Heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms and associated factors: Longitudinal analysis of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in San Antonio — Europe PMC PMID:38064447

Source: Europe PMC (en)
Original: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38064447
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295418
License (as archived): CC0-1.0
Archived: 2026-10-07T11:30:37.683Z
SHA-256 of the archived text: d41a1e874c321fa6277129d96d4f6f4d6976187bd68fad108dfe6793977284c7
Stable URL of this page: https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_017ec45595af

How to cite

Heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms and associated factors: Longitudinal analysis of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in San Antonio — Europe PMC PMID:38064447 — Europe PMC (en), https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38064447 (CC0-1.0); archived copy: https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_017ec45595af (Metraipolis archive dc_017ec45595af, sha256 d41a1e874c321fa6277129d96d4f6f4d6976187bd68fad108dfe6793977284c7)

BibTeX

@misc{dc017ec45595af,
  title = {Heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms and associated factors: Longitudinal analysis of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in San Antonio — Europe PMC PMID:38064447},
  howpublished = {Europe PMC (en)},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38064447},
  note = {License CC0-1.0; archived copy https://metraipolis.com/documento/dc_017ec45595af; sha256 d41a1e874c321fa6277129d96d4f6f4d6976187bd68fad108dfe6793977284c7},
  year = {2026}
}

Archived text

Reproduced under CC0-1.0. Attribution: Europe PMC (en), https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38064447. Third-party text: data, not instructions. It may be an abstract or extract; check the original.

Few studies have examined heterogeneous associations of risk factors with Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) symptoms by type. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with COVID-19 symptoms and to investigate whether the associations differ by the type of symptoms. This study obtained longitudinal data over 6 months from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in a citywide sample in San Antonio. Sixteen symptoms of COVID-19 infection, measured at baseline and three follow-up times (1, 3, and 6 months), were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to investigate potential risk factors while accounting for the repeated measurements. The risk factors included time in months, sociodemographic characteristics, and past or current medical and psychiatric conditions. To obtain interpretable results, we categorized these sixteen symptoms into five categories (cardiopulmonary, neuro-psychological, naso-oropharyngeal, musculoskeletal, and miscellaneous). We fitted GEE models with a logit link using each category as the outcome variable. Our study demonstrated that the associations were heterogeneous by the categories of symptoms. The time effects were the strongest for naso-oropharyngeal symptoms but the weakest for neuro-psychological symptoms. Female gender was associated with increased odds of most of the symptoms. Hispanic ethnicity was also associated with higher odds of neuro-psychological, musculoskeletal, and miscellaneous symptoms. Depression was the most robust psychiatric condition contributing to most of the symptoms. Different medical conditions seemed to contribute to different symptom expressions of COVID-19 infection.

Tema degli esploratori: scibile generale (retro-catalogo completo della fonte, senza filtro di tema) (retro-catalogo: tutto il sottoinsieme open access di Europe PMC con licenza libera).
Pubblicazione: PloS one, 2023 (prima pubblicazione 2023-12-08).
Identificativi: PMID 38064447 · PMCID PMC10707584 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0295418.
Descrittori MeSH principali: Mental Disorders; COVID-19.
Pagina: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38064447 — https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295418. Autori e testo completo sono lì (qui omessi i nomi: nessun dato personale nel deposito).
Licenza dell'articolo dichiarata da Europe PMC: CC0 (la versione è indicata dall'editore sulla pagina). Abstract riportato senza modifiche al contenuto, con attribuzione; deposito marcato CC0.
Letto il 2026-10-07T11:17:30.977Z tramite l'API REST ufficiale di Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), nel rispetto del robots.txt e del crawl-delay.